What License Do You Need to Run a Trade?
A plain-English overview of contractor licensing, bonds, and insurance by trade. Requirements vary by state — this is the map, not the law.
HVAC
Most states require a contractor license plus an EPA Section 608 certification to handle refrigerants. Some states split HVAC into separate heating and cooling licenses. Check your state contractor board — license exams typically cover mechanical code and business law.
Plumbing
Plumbing is one of the most regulated trades. Most states require a master or journeyman license earned through 4–5 years of apprenticeship, plus a business license and bond to work as a contractor.
Electrical
Electricians typically progress apprentice → journeyman → master, with a state exam at each step and a minimum number of supervised work hours (often 4 years). Most states require a master electrician on staff to operate a licensed business.
General contractor
GC licenses are state-level and usually require proof of experience, passing a business-and-law exam, and carrying a bond. Some states (e.g., CA, NV) also require the qualifying individual to be an owner or employee — not a rented license.
Landscaping / lawn care
Basic landscaping usually needs only a business license, but applying pesticides or fertilizers requires state certification. Some states license irrigation and landscape contractors separately.
Roofing, painting, cleaning
Roofing contractors typically need the state contractor license plus a bond; some states require a separate roofing endorsement. Painting generally needs just a business license (with lead-safe certification for pre-1978 homes). Cleaning businesses usually need a business license plus insurance, and a bond where clients require one.
⚠️ Important: This guide is general information, not legal advice. Always confirm requirements with your state's contractor license board or a licensed attorney before starting work. Licensing rules change and vary by county and city.
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